Beethoven and Napoleon: Clash of the Titans

No one in Europe could be indifferent to Napoleon’s ascent. He was its greatest liberator or its greatest threat. Beethoven, who despised ruling classes, was wildly enthusiastic about him. His manuscript for the Third Symphony, the “Eroica,” initially had “Buonaparte” on the title page. A decade later, one of his most popular works would celebrate Wellington’s victory over France.

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