Gravity: The Elements of Geodesy

The vertical datum is a collection of specific points on the Earth with known heights either above or below mean sea level. Near coastal areas, mean sea level is determined with a tide gauge. In areas far away from the shore, mean sea level is determined by the shape of the geoid.

Figure 1 from Tutorial Ellipsoid , geoid , gravity , geodesy , and geophysics

Remote Sensing, Free Full-Text

Gravity field modelling in mountainous areas by solving the nonlinear satellite-fixed geodetic boundary value problem with the finite element method

Principles of Geodesy, PDF, Geodesy

Remote Sensing, Free Full-Text

Computation software PALGrav4.0 for geodesy - Geophysical geodesy Scientific Computation

Figure 2 from Tutorial Ellipsoid , geoid , gravity , geodesy , and geophysics

A Text-Book of Geodetic Astronomy

Geoid, Definition & Examples

SRTM2gravity - Chair of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy